Guinea-Bissau has held a constitutional referendum that could significantly strengthen the powers of the country’s president as the West African nation prepares to return to civilian rule.
The referendum was held on Sunday, August 30, following months of military rule after the army seized power in November 2025. The vote is being closely watched because it could fundamentally change how political power is distributed in the country.
The proposed constitution would replace Guinea-Bissau’s current semi-presidential system with a stronger presidential model. Under the proposed changes, the president would have greater control over the government, including the authority to appoint and dismiss the prime minister and members of the cabinet.
The president would also have the power to dissolve parliament under certain conditions and would chair the Council of Ministers.
Another major change would be a reduction in the size of parliament. The number of lawmakers would fall from 102 to 65, while the number of electoral constituencies would be reduced from 29 to 12.
Supporters of the proposed constitution argue that the changes are necessary to address years of political instability. Guinea-Bissau has experienced repeated conflicts between presidents, prime ministers and parliament, with disagreements between political institutions frequently contributing to crises.
Government supporters say giving the president clearer executive authority could reduce these disputes and make the government more effective.
However, opposition parties have strongly criticised the referendum. They argue that the proposed constitution would concentrate too much power in the presidency while weakening parliament and the role of political parties.
Some opposition groups called on citizens to boycott the referendum, saying it was organised under military rule and that public freedoms have been restricted during the transition.
The referendum comes after the military took control of the country in November 2025, just days after presidential and legislative elections. The military suspended the electoral process and installed General Horta Inta-A-Na Man as transitional president.
Under the transitional arrangement, General Horta is not allowed to contest the upcoming elections. Presidential and legislative elections are currently scheduled for December 6, 2026, with the aim of restoring civilian government.
Voting ended on Sunday evening and ballot counting is now underway. The first provisional results are expected on Tuesday.
The referendum has therefore become an important test of the military government’s plans for Guinea-Bissau’s political future. A successful vote could establish a significantly more powerful presidency before the country returns to elections.
Guinea-Bissau has struggled with political instability since gaining independence from Portugal in 1973. The country has experienced several coups and attempted coups, making the transition back to civilian government particularly important for regional stability.
The outcome of the referendum, and whether December’s elections are conducted freely and transparently, will likely determine the next chapter of Guinea-Bissau’s political history.
